I'm very interested in all those things, but I clearly lack a trajectory for learning them. Is there a reference I could read or a 'name' for that domain? How does one become educated on these things?

So far I've grabbed knowledge by reading paper on operating systems (and misunderstanding 80% of their content), reading man pages, reading Tanenbaum's textbooks, etc. But still I don't feel like I know or understand.

They say a lack of words for things render one blinds of their ignorance. Sometimes it's also that you just don't know what needs to be learnt.