Tricking someone into installing a malicious app usually doesn't involve them having a third-party or modified operating system on their phone. I'm asking about that because I believe it's a hypothetical risk rather than a problem in practice and I'm curious about any evidence to the contrary.
Drivers buy modified versions of our mobile app, because they think it will give them advantages over other drivers. These apps are side-loaded (not published in the app store).
Thanks for the additional detail. Do those apps actually give them advantages, or are they scams/malware?
I wasn't asking about sideloading apps though. I was asking about modified operating systems like LineageOS and GrapheneOS, or root via OS modifications like Magisk and KernelSU.