You are strictly correct for a single pass! log2(9000)~13, which is indeed much smaller than k=50. The missing variable in that comparison is Iterations. t-SNE and UMAP are iterative optimisation algorithms. They repeat that O(N log N) step hundreds of times to converge. My approach is a closed-form linear solution (Ax=b) that runs exactly once. So the wall-clock comparison is effectively: Iterations * (N log N) VS 1 * (N *k) That need for convergence is where the speedup comes from, not the complexity class per se.