Your bitwarden password manager is hosted and is only stored encrypted on your phone/laptop. So unless the thief knows your master password you should be fine.

I understand that the thief won't have access to my accounts, but now I don't either - correct?

You would still have access to your accounts as the credentials are hosted by BitWarden or by yourself (on a personal server for example).

It depends on whether you have access to the second factor. I have Authy installed on two phones for that reason.