A new [0] feature in Windows is "protected folders", which denies access to specific folders (user-configurable) by default to applications, and the user needs to actively allow them access. The downside is that it's all or nothing, meaning that a given app either has access to none of those folders or to all of them.
You can do something similar with SELinux and AppArmor, and I think recent versions of macOS also have something similar.
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[0] new to me, I'm only an occasional Windows user, for gaming, so it may have been there for a long time
Protected folders has existed for a while, in practical terms is almost useless, because you can’t create groups of protected folders for different type of applications, thus protecting too many folders will have consequence of you need to allow almost every application you regularly use.
Therefore protected folders works best if either a) you only use a very limited set of approved applications, which of course is rarely the case if you are skilled enough to know what protected folders are, or b) you only protect one folder with text documents that you only read in notepad, but if you have that case it is better to put them in a encrypted storage.
You can do something similar with SELinux and AppArmor, and I think recent versions of macOS also have something similar.
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[0] new to me, I'm only an occasional Windows user, for gaming, so it may have been there for a long time